Glands & Hormones: Biology PSC Notes
Aug 2020|🟢Current|3 min read|26 entries
Key Takeaway
Agland can be termed as an organ that produces and releases chemical substances into the bloodstream to perform a specific function in the body.
Glands & Hormones: Biology PSC Notes(26)
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Agland can be termed as an organ that produces and releases chemical substances into the bloodstream to perform a specific function in the body. The glands present in the human body can be hugely classified into two. They areEndocrine glands | secretes hormones into the bloodstream |
| Exocrine glands | release their secretions such enzymes, mucus, sebum, sweat, etc. into a duct |
| The adrenal gland is made up of 2 partsOuterAdrenal cortex | makes hormones calledcorticosteroidsthat help control salt-water balance in the body, the immune system, metabolism, stress response, and sexual development and function |
| There are 3 types of corticosteroids:Glucocorticoids | Cortisol, Cortisone,Mineral corticoids – Aldosterone (regulates sodium loss in the body),Sex hormonesInnerAdrenal medulla– makesepinephrine/adrenaline & Noradrenalinewhich increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body is under stress |
| Diseases | Addison's disease– deficiency of cortisolCushing's syndrome– overproduction of cortisolCons syndrome– the overdose of aldosteroneVitiligo & Gynecomastia– due to the formation of tumors in the Adrenal gland |
| Made up of 3 parts | Anterior region–also known as thesupraoptic regionregulates body heat and maintains the circadian rhythm. It consists ofSupraoptic nuclei |
| Middle region | also known as thetuberal region. It consists ofVentromedial nuclei – controls the appetite |
| Arcuate nuclei | released the growth hormone responsible for the growth and functioning of the human body |
| Posterior region | also known as themammillary region. It consists ofHypothalamic nucleus – cause shivering, blockage of sweat, and regulates the body temperature |
| Mammillary nuclei | related to the memory function |
| Control & regulates other glands in the body.It is divided into three lobes:Anterior pituitary | synthesis and secretion of hormones like ACTH, FSH / LH, HGH, TSH, Prolactin, MSHIntermediate pituitary–absent in adults |
| Posterior pituitary | synthesis and secretion of hormones like ADH & OxytocinDiseases–AcromegalyEmpty Sella SyndromeHypopituitarismThyroid‌ glandDuctless endocrine gland |
| Diseases | GoiterHyperthyroidism– Overproduction of thyroxine hormone |
| Hypothyroidism | Underproduction of thyroxine hormone |
| Thyroid cancer | Anaplastic thyroid cancerFollicular thyroid cancerMedullary cancerPapillary thyroid cancerParathyroid glandFour tiny glands (3-5 mm in diameter & 30-60 mg in weight) attached to the thyroid gland |
| Releases 2 types of hormones | Parathormone & Calcitonin |
| Diseases | Hyperparathyroidism– high levels of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream |
| Hypoparathyroidism | lower levels of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream |
| Releases three hormones | Insulin, Glucagon & SomatostatinDiseases–PancreatitisPancreatic CancerPineal glandA small pinecone-shaped gland located in the middle of the brain |
| Diseases | Pineal Gland TumorsPineal CystsReproductive GlandsMale gonads aka testes –Located in Scrotum |
| Female gonads aka ovaries | Located in Pelvis |
| Diseases | Myasthenia gravis– abnormal enlargement of the thymus |
| Pure red cell aplasia | occurs when there is a tumor in the thymus and the body attack its own stem cells |
| Hypogammaglobulinemia | occurs when the body is producing not enough antibodies |
| Glands & their hormones: In shortGlandsHormonesAdrenal glandAdrenaline, Noradrenaline, Aldosterone & CortisolHypothalamusVasopressin (aka Antidiuretic hormone),GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)Pancreas‌Insulin, Glucagon & SomatostatinParathyroid glandParathyroid hormonePineal glandMelatonin, Serotonin (precursor to Melatonin)Pituitary glandADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, Corticotropin)FSH / LH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone / Luteinising Hormone)HGH (Human Growth hormone)MSH (Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone)OxytocinProlactinTSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)ThyrotropinOvariesEstrogen & ProgesteroneTestesTestosterone, Androstenedione & InhibinThymus glandThymosinThyroid glandThyroxine (T4), Tri-iodothyronine (T3) & Calcitonin📝SideNotes:Insulin shock | Lowering blood sugar level as far as 43mg / 100ml which leads to unconsciousness and sudden death.also known as Severe hypoglycemia |
| Vitiligo | a condition in which the skin loses its melanocytes, the pigment cellsGynecomastia – Manifestation of femininity in males |
Agland can be termed as an organ that produces and releases chemical substances into the bloodstream to perform a specific function in the body. The glands present in the human body can be hugely classified into two. They areEndocrine glands
secretes hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine glands
release their secretions such enzymes, mucus, sebum, sweat, etc. into a duct
The adrenal gland is made up of 2 partsOuterAdrenal cortex
makes hormones calledcorticosteroidsthat help control salt-water balance in the body, the immune system, metabolism, stress response, and sexual development and function
There are 3 types of corticosteroids:Glucocorticoids
Cortisol, Cortisone,Mineral corticoids – Aldosterone (regulates sodium loss in the body),Sex hormonesInnerAdrenal medulla– makesepinephrine/adrenaline & Noradrenalinewhich increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body is under stress
Diseases
Addison's disease– deficiency of cortisolCushing's syndrome– overproduction of cortisolCons syndrome– the overdose of aldosteroneVitiligo & Gynecomastia– due to the formation of tumors in the Adrenal gland
Made up of 3 parts
Anterior region–also known as thesupraoptic regionregulates body heat and maintains the circadian rhythm. It consists ofSupraoptic nuclei
Middle region
also known as thetuberal region. It consists ofVentromedial nuclei – controls the appetite
Arcuate nuclei
released the growth hormone responsible for the growth and functioning of the human body
Posterior region
also known as themammillary region. It consists ofHypothalamic nucleus – cause shivering, blockage of sweat, and regulates the body temperature
Mammillary nuclei
related to the memory function
Control & regulates other glands in the body.It is divided into three lobes:Anterior pituitary
synthesis and secretion of hormones like ACTH, FSH / LH, HGH, TSH, Prolactin, MSHIntermediate pituitary–absent in adults
Posterior pituitary
synthesis and secretion of hormones like ADH & OxytocinDiseases–AcromegalyEmpty Sella SyndromeHypopituitarismThyroid‌ glandDuctless endocrine gland
Diseases
GoiterHyperthyroidism– Overproduction of thyroxine hormone
Hypothyroidism
Underproduction of thyroxine hormone
Thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancerFollicular thyroid cancerMedullary cancerPapillary thyroid cancerParathyroid glandFour tiny glands (3-5 mm in diameter & 30-60 mg in weight) attached to the thyroid gland
Releases 2 types of hormones
Parathormone & Calcitonin
Diseases
Hyperparathyroidism– high levels of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream
Hypoparathyroidism
lower levels of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream
Releases three hormones
Insulin, Glucagon & SomatostatinDiseases–PancreatitisPancreatic CancerPineal glandA small pinecone-shaped gland located in the middle of the brain
Diseases
Pineal Gland TumorsPineal CystsReproductive GlandsMale gonads aka testes –Located in Scrotum
Female gonads aka ovaries
Located in Pelvis
Diseases
Myasthenia gravis– abnormal enlargement of the thymus
Pure red cell aplasia
occurs when there is a tumor in the thymus and the body attack its own stem cells
Hypogammaglobulinemia
occurs when the body is producing not enough antibodies
Glands & their hormones: In shortGlandsHormonesAdrenal glandAdrenaline, Noradrenaline, Aldosterone & CortisolHypothalamusVasopressin (aka Antidiuretic hormone),GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)Pancreas‌Insulin, Glucagon & SomatostatinParathyroid glandParathyroid hormonePineal glandMelatonin, Serotonin (precursor to Melatonin)Pituitary glandADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, Corticotropin)FSH / LH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone / Luteinising Hormone)HGH (Human Growth hormone)MSH (Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone)OxytocinProlactinTSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)ThyrotropinOvariesEstrogen & ProgesteroneTestesTestosterone, Androstenedione & InhibinThymus glandThymosinThyroid glandThyroxine (T4), Tri-iodothyronine (T3) & Calcitonin📝SideNotes:Insulin shock
Lowering blood sugar level as far as 43mg / 100ml which leads to unconsciousness and sudden death.also known as Severe hypoglycemia
Vitiligo
a condition in which the skin loses its melanocytes, the pigment cellsGynecomastia – Manifestation of femininity in males
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